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Chemistry: explore STEM content (page 5 of 47) · openstem

All fields Software Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Engineering Astronomy Environmental Other Chemistry Chemistry groups

Explore STEM Content

Search the community's STEM library — free to study, yours to make your own.

Chemistry

Reactions, bonding and organic chemistry on openstem — flashcards, notes, quizzes and molecule structures shared by the community. Study free, or clone into your library.

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Flashcards12 cards

What is a Schottky defect?1 / 12

A matched pair of vacancies in an ionic lattice — one cation site and one anion site are both left empty. Because equal numbers of positive and negative ions are removed, overall electroneutrality of the crystal is preserved.

Chemistry

Chemistry · L5 · Crystal Defects and Semiconductors

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Chemistry · L5 · Crystal Defects and Semiconductors

Flowchart13 objects

Chemistry

Chemistry · L2 · The Four Gas Tests, Grouped

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Chemistry · L2 · The Four Gas Tests, Grouped

Collection4 items

01Chemistry · L3 · Polymer Structure and Properties

02Chemistry · L3 · Polymer Structure and Properties

03Chemistry · L3 · Thermoplastic vs Thermoset Under Heat

+1 more

Chemistry

Chemistry · L3 · Polymer Structure and Properties

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Chemistry · L3 · Polymer Structure and Properties

Quiz5 questions

In Marcus theory, which factor captures the energy cost of distorting both the electron-transfer species and the surrounding solvent to the geometry needed for transfer?

AThe driving force, ΔG°BThe reorganization energy, λCThe electronic coupling, H_ABDThe Arrhenius activation energy, Eₐ

Chemistry

Chemistry · L5 · Marcus Theory & Electron Transfer Kinetics

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Chemistry · L5 · Marcus Theory & Electron Transfer Kinetics

Flashcards10 cards

Describe electron impact (EI) ionization, and identify the species produced first — the molecular ion.1 / 10

In EI, the vaporised sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam (typically ~70 eV) that knocks a single electron out of a neutral molecule M, producing a radical cation M⁺• — the molecular ion. It's called a radical cation because it carries both a positive charge and an unpaired electron. Its mass-to-charge ratio, m/z, equals the compound's nominal molecular weight (since the mass lost as one electron is negligible).

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · Mass Spectrometry: EI Fragmentation Patterns

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Chemistry · L4 · Mass Spectrometry: EI Fragmentation Patterns

Flashcards11 cards

What happens in the first step of electrophilic addition of HX to an alkene?1 / 11

The alkene's π electrons act as the nucleophile and attack the electrophilic H of H–X, forming a new C–H bond. This leaves a positive charge (a carbocation) on the OTHER alkene carbon, while X⁻ is released as a spectator ion. This protonation step is rate-determining.

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · Addition and Elimination Mechanisms

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Chemistry · L4 · Addition and Elimination Mechanisms

Flowchart7 objects

Chemistry

Chemistry · L1 · Melting or Dissolving?

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Chemistry · L1 · Melting or Dissolving?

Flowchart11 objects

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · Nuclear Chemistry — Why Fission and Fusion Both Release Energy

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Chemistry · L4 · Nuclear Chemistry — Why Fission and Fusion Both Release Energy

Flashcards7 cards

Ethanoic acid has pKa ≈ 4.8; ethanol has pKa ≈ 16. Why is the carboxylic acid's O–H so much more acidic?1 / 7

Deprotonating the carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate ion (RCOO⁻) whose negative charge is delocalized by resonance over two equivalent C–O bonds. Deprotonating the alcohol gives an alkoxide (RO⁻) with the charge stuck on a single oxygen — far less stable, so the alcohol holds onto its proton much more tightly.

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · Organic Chemistry II — Carboxylic Acid Strength & Esterification

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Chemistry · L4 · Organic Chemistry II — Carboxylic Acid Strength & Esterification

Flashcards10 cards

Distinguish a homogeneous equilibrium from a heterogeneous equilibrium.1 / 10

In a homogeneous equilibrium, every reactant and product is in the SAME phase (e.g. all gases, or all species dissolved in the same solution). In a heterogeneous equilibrium, the reactants and products span TWO OR MORE phases — commonly a solid or pure liquid coexisting with gases or with species in solution, such as CaCO₃(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO₂(g).

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · Heterogeneous Equilibria & Kp

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Chemistry · L4 · Heterogeneous Equilibria & Kp

Quiz5 questions

What is left behind when salty water evaporates?

ASolid salt crystalsBNothing at allCMore waterDA cloud of gas

Chemistry

Chemistry · L1 · Growing Crystals at Home

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Chemistry · L1 · Growing Crystals at Home

Flashcards11 cards

What makes cotton comfortable to wear in hot weather?1 / 11

Cotton is breathable and absorbs sweat and moisture well, so it feels cool and comfortable when it's hot — though it does wrinkle easily and takes a long time to dry.

Chemistry

Chemistry · L2 · Natural and Synthetic Fibers

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Chemistry · L2 · Natural and Synthetic Fibers

Flowchart11 objects

Chemistry

Chemistry · L2 · What Comes Out of a Flame · flowchart

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Chemistry · L2 · What Comes Out of a Flame · flowchart

Flowchart10 objects

Chemistry

Chemistry · L2 · How Batteries Work · flowchart

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Chemistry · L2 · How Batteries Work · flowchart

Quiz6 questions

Which three things make up the fire triangle?

AFuel, oxygen, and heatBWater, salt, and sugarCWood, coal, and oilDSmoke, ash, and soot

Chemistry

Chemistry · L2 · Combustion and Fuels

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Chemistry · L2 · Combustion and Fuels

Collection4 items

01Chemistry · L4 · Solubility Equilibria (Ksp)

02Chemistry · L4 · Solubility Equilibria: Ksp, common ion effect, and precipitation

03Chemistry · L4 · Solubility equilibrium: dissolution and the common ion effect

+1 more

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · Solubility Equilibria (Ksp)

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Chemistry · L4 · Solubility Equilibria (Ksp)

Quiz6 questions

What can you use to write a lemon juice secret message?

AA paintbrush with paintBA cotton swab or toothpick dipped in lemon juiceCA pencilDA marker

Chemistry

Chemistry · L1 · Secret Messages with Invisible Ink

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Chemistry · L1 · Secret Messages with Invisible Ink

Flashcards10 cards

List the six steps of the half-reaction (ion-electron) method for balancing a redox equation in ACIDIC solution.1 / 10

(1) Split the skeleton equation into an oxidation half-reaction and a reduction half-reaction. (2) Balance all atoms EXCEPT O and H in each half-reaction. (3) Balance O by adding H₂O. (4) Balance H by adding H⁺. (5) Balance charge by adding electrons (e⁻) to the more positive side. (6) Multiply each half-reaction by whatever factor makes the electrons lost equal the electrons gained, then add the two half-reactions together, cancelling anything that appears identically on both sides.

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · Balancing Redox Equations & Redox Titrations

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Chemistry · L4 · Balancing Redox Equations & Redox Titrations

Note~417 words · 2 min

The Jablonski Diagram When a molecule absorbs a photon, an electron is promoted from the ground electronic state S₀ into some excited singlet state Sₙ (n ≥ 1) — often a higher singlet than S₁, since absorption is governed by whichever trans

Chemistry

Chemistry · L5 · Photochemistry: The Jablonski Diagram

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Chemistry · L5 · Photochemistry: The Jablonski Diagram

Flashcards10 cards

What is electrolysis, and how is it the OPPOSITE of what a galvanic cell does?1 / 10

Electrolysis uses electrical energy from an external supply to force a non-spontaneous reaction — splitting an ionic compound into its elements. A galvanic cell runs the opposite direction: it lets a spontaneous redox reaction generate electrical energy. One converts electrical energy into chemical energy; the other converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

Chemistry

Chemistry · L3 · Electrolysis

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Chemistry · L3 · Electrolysis

Moleculec1ccccc1

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · Benzene

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Chemistry · L4 · Benzene

Flowchart7 objects

Chemistry

Chemistry · L1 · Why a Candle Burns · flowchart

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Chemistry · L1 · Why a Candle Burns · flowchart

Flowchart9 objects

Chemistry

Chemistry · L2 · How a Polymer Forms

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Chemistry · L2 · How a Polymer Forms

Flashcards11 cards

What makes a carbon atom a chiral (stereo)centre?1 / 11

It is bonded to four different substituent groups. Because no two of the four groups are identical, the atom cannot be superimposed on its own mirror image by any rotation.

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · Stereochemistry: Chirality, Enantiomers & R/S

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Chemistry · L4 · Stereochemistry: Chirality, Enantiomers & R/S

Flowchart16 objects

Chemistry

Chemistry · L5 · Asymmetric Catalysis Mechanisms: The Quadrant Model, Sharpless Epoxidation, and Organocatalysis · flowchart

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Chemistry · L5 · Asymmetric Catalysis Mechanisms: The Quadrant Model, Sharpless Epoxidation, and Organocatalysis · flowchart

Flowchart5 objects

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · EAS Mechanism: Attack, Arenium Ion, Rearomatisation

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Chemistry · L4 · EAS Mechanism: Attack, Arenium Ion, Rearomatisation

Flowchart24 objects

Chemistry

Chemistry · L2 · Chemical Safety and Hazard Symbols · flowchart

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Chemistry · L2 · Chemical Safety and Hazard Symbols · flowchart

Note~875 words · 4 min

The steady-state approximation: deriving a rate law from a mechanism A proposed mechanism often contains a reactive intermediate — a species formed by one step and consumed by another, never appearing in the overall equation. Its concentrat

Chemistry

Chemistry · L4 · The Steady-State Approximation

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Chemistry · L4 · The Steady-State Approximation

Flashcards10 cards

What are the core assumptions of the Langmuir adsorption model?1 / 10

(i) The surface has a fixed number of adsorption sites, all identical; (ii) each site can hold at most one adsorbed molecule — strictly a monolayer, with no stacking of further molecules on top; (iii) sites are independent and non-interacting — occupying one site neither helps nor hinders adsorption at a neighbouring site.

Chemistry

Chemistry · L5 · Surface Chemistry and Adsorption

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Chemistry · L5 · Surface Chemistry and Adsorption

Quiz6 questions

What happens when you drop food colouring into still water and don't stir it?

AIt sinks straight to the bottom and stays thereBIt slowly spreads into tendrils until the water is evenly colouredCIt disappears completelyDNothing happens at all

Chemistry

Chemistry · L1 · Why Food Colouring Spreads Through Water

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Chemistry · L1 · Why Food Colouring Spreads Through Water

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