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Chemistry · L3 · Diagnosing and Treating Hard Water

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A decision path from noticing hard water to identifying whether it's temporary or permanent hardness, and choosing the right way to soften it.

by @openstemUpdated Chemistry
Water reacts poorly with soap and leaves scale in a kettleDoes boiling remove the hardness?Temporary hardness: dissolved calcium hydrogencarbonatePermanent hardness: dissolved calcium or magnesium sulfateBoiling decomposes it and precipitates limescale, CaCO3Use an ion-exchange softener to swap Ca2+/Mg2+ for Na+Or add washing soda, sodium carbonate, to precipitate the ions outSoftened waterYesNo

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