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Chemistry
Reactions, bonding and organic chemistry on openstem — flashcards, notes, quizzes and molecule structures shared by the community. Study free, or clone into your library.
The pH Scale Litmus paper can only tell you whether something is an acid or a base. But chemists often want to know just how acidic or how basic something is — and that's what the pH scale is for. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14. A pH of 0
How does salting meat or fish help stop it from spoiling?1 / 10
A high concentration of salt on the surface draws water out of any bacteria or mould cells that land on the food. Water always moves toward the saltier side across a cell membrane, so the microbe's own water is pulled out of it, drying it out and stopping it from growing.
Chemistry
Chemistry · L2 · The Chemistry of Food Preservation
State the calorimetry equation q = mcΔT and define every symbol.1 / 10
q is the heat transferred (J or kJ), m is the mass of the substance (g), c is its specific heat capacity (J/(g·°C), an intensive property specific to the material), and ΔT is the temperature change, T_final − T_initial (°C or K — the size of a degree is the same on both scales, so ΔT is identical either way).
The Rocking-Chair Mechanism A lithium-ion battery does not consume its electrode materials the way, say, a lead-acid battery consumes lead and lead dioxide. Instead, Li⁺ ions shuttle back and forth between two intercalation host structures
Mass spectrometry fragmentation: reading a spectrum's fingerprint A mass spectrum plots the relative abundance of ions against their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). In electron impact (EI) mass spectrometry, a high-energy electron beam does mor
Chemistry
Chemistry · L4 · Mass spectrometry fragmentation: molecular ions, alpha cleavage, and isotope patterns
Titration curves: shape, the half-equivalence point, and choosing an indicator A titration curve plots pH against volume of titrant added. Its overall shape — where it starts, how gradually it rises, and how sharp the jump at equivalence is
Chemistry
Chemistry · L4 · Titration curve shapes, the half-equivalence point, and indicator selection
What is photoredox catalysis, in mechanistic terms?1 / 9
Photoredox catalysis uses a photocatalyst — typically a polypyridyl Ru(II) or Ir(III) complex, or an organic dye — that, upon absorbing visible light, reaches a long-lived triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (³MLCT) excited state that is simultaneously a much stronger oxidant AND a much stronger reductant than the catalyst's ground state. That excited state then engages in single-electron transfer (SET) with a substrate, generating a radical ion intermediate that drives the net organic transformation, before the catalyst is regenerated to close the cycle.
Electrochemistry: standard potentials, the Nernst equation, and cell types The earlier introduction to redox covered the qualitative picture: OIL RIG, spotting which species is oxidised and which is reduced, and how a galvanic cell wires th
Chemistry
Chemistry · L4 · Electrochemistry: standard potentials, the Nernst equation, and cell types
Why can't a polymer sample be assigned a single, exact molecular weight the way a small molecule like glucose can?1 / 6
A polymerization reaction doesn't stop every chain at exactly the same length — some chains stop growing early, some keep adding monomers longer, purely by chance during the reaction. A single batch of polymer is really a mixture of chains of many different lengths, so 'molecular weight' has to describe that whole distribution, not one exact value.
Planning a Total Synthesis: Working Backward Total synthesis planning starts from the target and works backward. Corey's retrosynthetic analysis applies a disconnection — the conceptual reverse of a known forward reaction — to break the tar