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Biology

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Biology: explore STEM content (page 12 of 50) · openstem

Flashcards10 cards

What is the Cholodny-Went hypothesis, and how does it explain phototropism (bending toward light)?1 / 10

The Cholodny-Went hypothesis proposes that unequal light exposure causes auxin to be redistributed laterally within the stem tip, moving toward the shaded side, so the shaded side receives more auxin and elongates faster than the illuminated side, producing bending of the stem toward the light source. This lateral redistribution is achieved through light-induced relocalization of PIN auxin-efflux carriers to the shaded side of cells, directing auxin flow away from the illuminated side rather than requiring any change in total auxin synthesis.

Biology

Biology · L4 · Tropisms and Photoperiodism

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Biology · L4 · Tropisms and Photoperiodism

Flowchart13 objects

Biology

Biology · L3 · From the K-Pg Extinction to the Mammal Radiation

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Biology · L3 · From the K-Pg Extinction to the Mammal Radiation

Note~205 words · 1 min

Hormones and Glands: Your Body's Messengers Your body has a way of sending messages without wires or nerves. Certain organs called glands make special chemicals called hormones and release them straight into your bloodstream. Blood then car

Biology

Biology · L2 · Hormones and Glands: Your Body's Messengers

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Biology · L2 · Hormones and Glands: Your Body's Messengers

Flashcards10 cards

What is an extremophile?1 / 10

An organism adapted to thrive in conditions that would kill or badly damage most other life — extreme heat, cold, salinity, pressure, or pH. Extremophiles are grouped into categories named for the specific extreme they tolerate, such as thermophiles (heat) or halophiles (salt).

Biology

Biology · L3 · Extremophile Categories: Heat, Salt, and Cold

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Biology · L3 · Extremophile Categories: Heat, Salt, and Cold

Flowchart9 objects

Biology

Biology · L3 · A Salmon's Olfactory Homing Journey

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Biology · L3 · A Salmon's Olfactory Homing Journey

Flashcards10 cards

What kind of teeth does a horse have?1 / 10

A horse has wide, flat teeth for grinding grass and hay.

Biology

Biology · L1 · Guess the Diet by the Teeth

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Biology · L1 · Guess the Diet by the Teeth

Collection5 items

01Biology · L4 · Hormone Classes & Receptor Mechanisms

02Biology · L4 · Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axes

03Biology · L4 · Endocrine physiology — hormone signalling and the pituitary axes

+2 more

Biology

Biology · L4 · Endocrine Physiology

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Biology · L4 · Endocrine Physiology

Flashcards9 cards

Why do animals make sounds?1 / 9

Animals make sounds to talk to other animals, like calling family, warning of danger, or finding a mate.

Biology

Biology · L1 · Why Animals Make Sounds

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Biology · L1 · Why Animals Make Sounds

Quiz5 questions

In Knudson's two-hit hypothesis, hereditary retinoblastoma differs from sporadic retinoblastoma primarily because:

AHereditary cases require mutation of only one RB1 allele, while sporadic cases require both.BHereditary cases inherit one mutant RB1 allele in the germline, so only a single somatic "second hit" is needed in a retinal cell, producing earlier, often bilateral tumors.CHereditary cases involve a dominant gain-of-function RB1 mutation, whereas sporadic cases involve RAS activation instead.DHereditary retinoblastoma arises from TP53 mutations rather than RB1 mutations.

Biology

Biology · L5 · Cancer Biology

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Biology · L5 · Cancer Biology

Flashcards10 cards

What are homeotic genes, and what phenotype results when one is mutated?1 / 10

Homeotic genes specify the identity of body segments along the anterior-posterior axis — they tell a segment what structures to build, not merely whether to build them. A homeotic mutation causes one body part to develop with the identity of another; the classic example is the Drosophila Antennapedia mutant, in which legs grow from the head in place of antennae because the antennal segment adopts the identity program of a thoracic leg-bearing segment.

Biology

Biology · L4 · Pattern Formation and Stem Cells

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Biology · L4 · Pattern Formation and Stem Cells

Flowchart9 objects

Biology

Biology · L2 · The Five Kingdoms at a Glance · flowchart

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Biology · L2 · The Five Kingdoms at a Glance · flowchart

Flashcards10 cards

What is adaptive radiation?1 / 10

The relatively rapid evolution of many new species from a single ancestral lineage, with each new species becoming adapted to a different ecological niche. It happens fastest when a lineage suddenly has access to a wide range of unused resources and habitats.

Biology

Biology · L3 · Adaptive Radiation After Mass Extinction

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Biology · L3 · Adaptive Radiation After Mass Extinction

Flowchart11 objects

Biology

Elastic Energy Storage and Release in the Achilles Tendon During a Running Stride

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Elastic Energy Storage and Release in the Achilles Tendon During a Running Stride

Flashcards11 cards

Distinguish incomplete dominance from codominance, with an example of each.1 / 11

In incomplete dominance, the heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype blending both alleles' effects (e.g. red-flowered × white-flowered snapdragons producing pink-flowered heterozygotes), because neither allele fully masks the other and the combined gene product level produces a phenotype between the two homozygous extremes. In codominance, the heterozygote shows BOTH parental phenotypes simultaneously and distinctly, not blended (e.g. the AB blood type, where both A and B antigens are fully expressed on the same red blood cells), because both alleles are independently, fully expressed rather than combining into an intermediate.

Biology

Biology · L4 · Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

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Biology · L4 · Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

MoleculeCCO

Biology

Biology · L3 · Ethanol

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Biology · L3 · Ethanol

Flashcards10 cards

What does host-parasite coevolution look like, in general terms?1 / 10

A host evolves defenses — such as a stronger immune response or a physical barrier — that reduce a parasite's ability to infect or exploit it. In response, the parasite evolves ways to get around those defenses, such as changing its surface proteins so the host's immune system no longer recognizes it. Each side is adapting to counter the other's latest adaptation.

Biology

Biology · L3 · Host-Parasite and Chemical Arms Races

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Biology · L3 · Host-Parasite and Chemical Arms Races

Flowchart9 objects

Biology

Biology · L2 · The Path Through Human Life Stages

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Biology · L2 · The Path Through Human Life Stages

Flowchart13 objects

Biology

Biology · L3 · Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction Across the Tree of Life · flowchart

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Biology · L3 · Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction Across the Tree of Life · flowchart

Flowchart7 objects

Biology

Biology · L2 · Sense Organs Quiz · flowchart

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Biology · L2 · Sense Organs Quiz · flowchart

Flashcards10 cards

What is photoperiodism?1 / 10

Photoperiodism is a plant's physiological response to the relative length of day versus night. It lets a plant time major events — especially flowering — to the season.

Biology

Biology · L3 · Photoperiodism: Sensing Day Length

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Biology · L3 · Photoperiodism: Sensing Day Length

Flowchart7 objects

Biology

Biology · L3 · Plant Tropisms Beyond Light: Touch and Water · flowchart

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Biology · L3 · Plant Tropisms Beyond Light: Touch and Water · flowchart

Flowchart7 objects

Biology

Biology · L1 · Guess the Diet by the Teeth · flowchart

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Biology · L1 · Guess the Diet by the Teeth · flowchart

Flashcards10 cards

What do farm animals need to stay healthy, just like pets do?1 / 10

Farm animals need food, clean water, shelter, and space to move, just like pets.

Biology

Biology · L1 · Caring for Farm Animals

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Biology · L1 · Caring for Farm Animals

Flashcards10 cards

Contrast short-read (Illumina) and long-read (PacBio, Oxford Nanopore) sequencing platforms in terms of read length, throughput, per-base error rate, and characteristic use cases.1 / 10

Illumina sequencing-by-synthesis produces reads of 50-300 bp with very high per-base accuracy (Q30, roughly 0.1% error) and very high throughput (hundreds of gigabases per run at low per-base cost), dominated by substitution errors. It is the workhorse for SNP/small-indel calling, RNA-seq, and population-scale resequencing.

Biology

Biology · L5 · Next-Generation Sequencing

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Biology · L5 · Next-Generation Sequencing

Collection9 items

01Biology · L2 · Cells: Life's Building Blocks

02Biology · L2 · Food Chains and Food Webs

03Biology · L2 · Parts of an Animal Cell

+6 more

Biology

Biology · L2 · Cells & Food Webs

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Biology · L2 · Cells & Food Webs

Flowchart15 objects

Biology

Biology · L2 · Sorting a Bacterium by Shape

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Biology · L2 · Sorting a Bacterium by Shape

Collection6 items

01Biology · L2 · Discovering a New Species

02Biology · L2 · The Two-Part Scientific Name

03Biology · L2 · Practice: Match the Species Name

+3 more

Biology

Biology · L2 · How Scientists Name a New Species

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Biology · L2 · How Scientists Name a New Species

Quiz5 questions

A UV-induced thymine dimer, which distorts the DNA helix over several bases, is primarily repaired by:

ABase excision repairBNucleotide excision repairCMismatch repairDDirect reversal by MGMT

Biology

Biology · L4 · DNA Repair Mechanisms Quiz

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Biology · L4 · DNA Repair Mechanisms Quiz

Note~533 words · 3 min

The eukaryotic cell: a system of specialized organelles A eukaryotic cell is divided into membrane-bound compartments called organelles, each specialized for a particular job. This division of labor, called compartmentalization, lets incomp

Biology

Biology · L3 · Cell Organelles: Structure and Function

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Biology · L3 · Cell Organelles: Structure and Function

Flowchart7 objects

Biology

Biology · L3 · Innate Behavior and Fixed Action Patterns · flowchart

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Biology · L3 · Innate Behavior and Fixed Action Patterns · flowchart

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