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Environmental: explore STEM content (page 11 of 27) · openstem
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Environmental
Geology, climate and the environment on openstem — flashcards, notes, quizzes, plots and sketches shared by the community. Study free, or clone anything into your library.
Demand vs Supply, in One Shared Unit Ecological footprint measures the demand side: how much biologically productive land and water a population needs to produce what it consumes and absorb its waste. Biocapacity measures the supply side: h
What is the single largest global driver of deforestation today?
AAgricultural expansion, especially cattle ranching and crops like soy and palm oilBWildfires caused entirely by lightningCVolcanic eruptionsDRecreational camping
What Makes Air Dirty? The air around us is usually invisible, but it can carry tiny bits of smoke, gas, and dust that make it unhealthy to breathe. This is called air pollution. Why Clean Air Matters Every breath we take brings air into our
The steady-state condition for a multi-box model requires:
AEvery pairwise flux F_ij equals its reverse F_jiBdM_i/dt = 0 for every reservoir — total inflow balances total outflow per boxCAll reservoirs hold equal massDAll rate constants k_i are equal
Pollution that enters water from a single, identifiable source — like a pipe discharging waste directly from a factory or a sewage treatment plant outfall.
Two Starting Points, One Trajectory Ecological succession describes how an ecosystem's species composition changes predictably over time. What differs between primary and secondary succession is simply the starting condition — specifically,
Demand vs Supply: PET and AET Deserts aren't simply defined by low rainfall — they're defined by a mismatch between how much water the atmosphere 'demands' and how much is actually available. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is that deman
Environmental
Environmental · L3 · Desert Ecosystems: Water Balance & Adaptations
In the Levins model dp/dt = cp(1−p) − ep, what does p represent?
AThe total population abundance across all patchesBThe fraction of habitat patches currently occupiedCThe probability of extinction for a single individualDThe dispersal distance between patches
Earth's climate system: energy balance, feedbacks, and global warming Earth's climate is determined by the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. Human emissions of greenhouse gases are disrupting this
Environmental
Environmental · L4 · Earth's climate system: energy balance, feedbacks, and global warming
Why does organic matter accumulate as peat in wetland soils instead of fully decomposing?
AWetland soils are too cold for any decompositionBWaterlogging excludes oxygen, slowing decomposition far below the rate plant matter is producedCWetland plants don't produce organic matterDPeat is actually inorganic sediment, not decayed plant matter
What is a 'box model' (reservoir model) in biogeochemistry, and what are its two core components?1 / 8
A box model represents a biogeochemical cycle as discrete reservoirs (boxes) — e.g. atmosphere, surface ocean, deep ocean, terrestrial biosphere — each holding a mass M_i of a substance (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus), connected by fluxes F_ij that transfer mass between reservoir i and reservoir j. The modeler's job is to specify each flux as a function of reservoir state, then integrate the resulting system of ordinary differential equations forward in time.
Why do chemical transport models use operator splitting rather than solving the full continuity equation in one coupled step?
ABecause chemistry has no effect on concentrationBEach process (advection, diffusion, chemistry, deposition) needs a different numerical method, and a single fully coupled solve is far more computationally expensiveCOperator splitting eliminates the need for a chemical mechanismDIt is required by the CFL condition specifically
Environmental
Environmental · L5 · Atmospheric Chemistry & Chemical Transport Modeling — 6 Q