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Mathematics: explore STEM content (page 14 of 23) · openstem
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Mathematics
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The problem MCMC solves You know the posterior π(θ|data) only up to a normalising constant, because the denominator is an integral you can't do. Direct sampling is out. So build a Markov chain whose stationary distribution is π, run it, and
Adding and subtracting A complex number is a + bi: a real part and an imaginary part. Combine real with real, imaginary with imaginary, and never mix the two. Multiplying Expand like two binomials, then apply the one rule that makes complex
Vertices, edges, degree A graph has vertices (dots) and edges (lines joining pairs of them). It's the right model whenever the relationships matter more than the things. The degree of a vertex is how many edges touch it. Degree 0 means isol
Same value, three looks Switching between the three is what lets you compare a test score, a price tag and a discount in your head. Fraction to percent Percent of a number Turn the percent into a decimal, then multiply. That's the whole met
What does a direct proof of 'If P then Q' actually do?1 / 7
It assumes P is true, then uses definitions, algebra, or known facts to derive Q in a straight chain of steps — no detour through the negation of anything.
Probability is measure theory with one extra axiom A probability space is a triple (Ω, ℱ, P). Everything else is bookkeeping on top of it. That P(Ω) = 1 is the only difference from a general measure space. Everything from measure theory car
Two things, not infinitely many Induction proves P(n) for every natural number without checking each one. It does this by proving two much smaller statements. The base case starts the chain; the inductive step passes truth along it, one lin
Throwing away distance Topology asks what survives if you keep only the notion of "open" and discard distance entirely. The answer is nearly everything that matters: continuity, connectedness, compactness. The three axioms A topology τ on a
Mathematics
Mathematics · L5 · Point-Set Topology: Open Sets, Continuity, and Compactness