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State the Weak Law of Large Numbers (WLLN) and the Strong Law (SLLN). How do they differ?1 / 5
Let X₁, X₂, … be i.i.d. with E[X₁] = μ and (for WLLN) Var(X₁) < ∞. WLLN: X̄ₙ →ᴾ μ (convergence in probability). SLLN (Kolmogorov): with E[|X₁|] < ∞ sufficient, X̄ₙ →ᵃ·ˢ· μ (almost-sure convergence). Almost-sure is strictly stronger: ω-by-ω convergence for a set of measure 1.
What a rational function is A polynomial over a polynomial. The domain excludes every x that makes the denominator zero, so (x − 1)/(x² − 4) is defined for all reals except x = 2 and x = −2. Vertical asymptote or hole? Factor the top and bo