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All fields Software Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Engineering Astronomy Environmental Other Biology Biology groups

Explore STEM Content

Search the community's STEM library — free to study, yours to make your own.

Biology

Cells, genetics, ecology and physiology on openstem — flashcards, notes, quizzes, sketches and flowcharts shared by the community. Study free, or clone anything into your library.

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Biology: explore STEM content (page 29 of 50) · openstem

Note~849 words · 4 min

ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Complexes Nucleosome positioning is not fixed by DNA sequence alone: dedicated multi-subunit machines use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to slide, eject, or restructure nucleosomes, setting the accessibility

Biology

Biology · L5 · Chromatin Remodeling and Non-Coding RNA in Epigenetic Regulation

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Biology · L5 · Chromatin Remodeling and Non-Coding RNA in Epigenetic Regulation

Note~931 words · 5 min

Molecular genetics and gene expression: from DNA to protein Gene expression is the multistep process that converts information stored in DNA into a functional product, most often a protein. Each step — transcription, RNA processing, and tra

Biology

Biology · L4 · Molecular genetics and gene expression

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Biology · L4 · Molecular genetics and gene expression

Collection5 items

01Biology · L3 · Respiratory Anatomy

02Biology · L3 · Breathing Mechanics and Gas Exchange

03Biology · L3 · The Respiratory System

+2 more

Biology

Biology · L3 · The Respiratory System

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Biology · L3 · The Respiratory System

Note~242 words · 1 min

The Body's Messaging System Your nervous system is like a messaging network. It is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves that reach out to every part of your body. The brain is the control centre. Its main part, the cerebrum, ha

Biology

Biology · L2 · The Brain and Nerves

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Biology · L2 · The Brain and Nerves

Note~291 words · 1 min

Bees, Butterflies, and Flowers: Helping Each Other Flowers cannot walk or fly, but they still need help moving pollen from one flower to another. Bees and butterflies give them that help, without even meaning to. Why Bees and Butterflies Vi

Biology

Biology · L1 · Bees, Butterflies, and Flowers: Helping Each Other

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Biology · L1 · Bees, Butterflies, and Flowers: Helping Each Other

Flashcards5 cards

Derive the Hardy–Weinberg genotype frequencies from allele frequencies p and q.1 / 5

Let A and a be two alleles with frequencies p and q = 1 − p respectively (so p + q = 1). Under random mating, gametes pair independently. Treating gamete union as sampling with replacement:

Biology

Biology · L5 · Population Genetics

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Biology · L5 · Population Genetics

Flowchart5 objects

Biology

Biology · L1 · Roots, Stems, and Leaves We Eat · flowchart

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Biology · L1 · Roots, Stems, and Leaves We Eat · flowchart

Flowchart9 objects

Biology

Biology · L1 · An Ocean Food Chain

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Biology · L1 · An Ocean Food Chain

Flashcards10 cards

Distinguish homologous structures from analogous structures, with an example of each.1 / 10

Homologous structures share a common evolutionary origin even if they now differ in function, reflecting descent from a shared ancestor — the pentadactyl limb bones of a human arm, whale flipper, and bat wing are homologous, built from the same ancestral bone set (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals) despite very different uses. Analogous structures perform a similar function but evolved independently from different ancestral origins (convergent evolution) — the wings of insects, birds, and bats are analogous in function but not built from homologous underlying structures.

Biology

Biology · L4 · Homology, Analogy, and Body Plans

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Biology · L4 · Homology, Analogy, and Body Plans

Flowchart9 objects

Biology

Warm-Blooded and Cold-Blooded Animals · flowchart

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Warm-Blooded and Cold-Blooded Animals · flowchart

Note~484 words · 2 min

Coevolution and evolutionary arms races When two species interact closely and repeatedly over many generations — a predator and its prey, or a parasite and its host — each species can act as a selection pressure on the other. This is coevol

Biology

Biology · L3 · Coevolution and Evolutionary Arms Races

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Biology · L3 · Coevolution and Evolutionary Arms Races

Note~583 words · 3 min

Genetic Disorders: When Genes Go Wrong A genetic disorder is a health condition caused by a change in an organism's DNA or by an abnormal number of chromosomes. Some genetic disorders come from a mutation in a single gene; others come from

Biology

Biology · L3 · Genetic Disorders: When Genes Go Wrong

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Biology · L3 · Genetic Disorders: When Genes Go Wrong

Collection5 items

01Biology · L2 · Why Cells Divide

02Biology · L2 · The Simple Steps of Cell Division (Mitosis)

03Biology · L2 · The Cell Cycle: Why and How Cells Divide Quiz

+2 more

Biology

Biology · L2 · The Cell Cycle: Why and How Cells Divide

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Biology · L2 · The Cell Cycle: Why and How Cells Divide

Collection4 items

01Biology · L2 · Inherited vs. Learned Traits

02Biology · L2 · Family Resemblance Basics

03Biology · L2 · Traits and Heredity Quiz

+1 more

Biology

Biology · L2 · Traits and Heredity

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Biology · L2 · Traits and Heredity

Note~437 words · 2 min

Sensory Receptor Types: Classifying by Stimulus Every sense you have — sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell, and the sense of pain — begins with a sensory receptor: a specialized cell or nerve ending built to detect one particular kind of st

Biology

Biology · L3 · Sensory Receptor Types: Classifying by Stimulus

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Biology · L3 · Sensory Receptor Types: Classifying by Stimulus

Collection5 items

01Biology · L1 · Types of Camouflage

02Biology · L1 · Why Camouflage Helps

03Biology · L1 · Animal Camouflage Quiz

+2 more

Biology

Biology · L1 · Animal Camouflage

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Biology · L1 · Animal Camouflage

Flowchart13 objects

Biology

Biology · L2 · How Sound Becomes a Signal

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Biology · L2 · How Sound Becomes a Signal

Flashcards9 cards

About how long does a hen sit on her eggs before they hatch?1 / 9

A hen usually sits on her eggs for about 21 days.

Biology

Biology · L1 · Hatching and Growing Up

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Biology · L1 · Hatching and Growing Up

Collection3 items

01Biology · L4 · Reproductive Endocrinology and Gametogenesis

02Biology · L4 · Reproductive Physiology Quiz

03Reproductive Physiology

Biology

Biology · L4 · Reproductive Physiology

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Biology · L4 · Reproductive Physiology

Flowchart9 objects

Biology

Biology · L3 · Cellular Respiration in Detail · flowchart

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Biology · L3 · Cellular Respiration in Detail · flowchart

Flashcards10 cards

What is a nutrient?1 / 10

A nutrient is a substance in food that your body uses to grow, get energy, repair itself, and stay healthy. Different foods provide different nutrients, which is why eating a variety of foods matters.

Biology

Biology · L2 · The Six Nutrient Groups

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Biology · L2 · The Six Nutrient Groups

Flashcards9 cards

What is endocytosis?1 / 9

The process by which a cell takes material into itself by engulfing it: a patch of the plasma membrane folds inward (invaginates) around the material and pinches off, forming a vesicle inside the cytoplasm.

Biology

Biology · L3 · Endocytosis and Exocytosis Vocabulary

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Biology · L3 · Endocytosis and Exocytosis Vocabulary

Flashcards10 cards

What is a kangaroo rat?1 / 10

A small desert rodent, native to the deserts of North America, that hops on its long back legs like a tiny kangaroo and is famous for never needing to drink water.

Biology

Biology · L2 · Kangaroo Rats and Nighttime Survival

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Biology · L2 · Kangaroo Rats and Nighttime Survival

Collection5 items

01Biology · L3 · Lymphatic Vessels and Fluid Return

02Biology · L3 · Lymph Nodes, the Spleen, and Immune Defense

03Biology · L3 · How a Lymph Node Filters Pathogens

+2 more

Biology

Biology · L3 · The Lymphatic System

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Biology · L3 · The Lymphatic System

Flashcards9 cards

Contrast 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing with shotgun metagenomic sequencing as strategies for profiling a microbial community.1 / 9

16S rRNA amplicon sequencing PCR-amplifies one or more hypervariable regions (commonly V3-V4) of the universally conserved bacterial/archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA gene using conserved-region primers, then sequences the amplicons to assign taxonomy; it is inexpensive and works from very low-biomass or degraded samples, but resolves taxonomy typically only to the genus level, cannot directly detect non-bacterial community members, and is subject to primer bias and variable 16S copy number across taxa.

Biology

Biology · L5 · Metagenomics and Microbial Ecology

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Biology · L5 · Metagenomics and Microbial Ecology

Flashcards10 cards

What is meiosis, and why is it essential for sexual reproduction?1 / 10

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four genetically distinct daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. It reduces the chromosome number so that when two gametes fuse during fertilization, the resulting cell has the normal, complete chromosome number.

Biology

Biology · L3 · Gametogenesis and Reproductive Hormones

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Biology · L3 · Gametogenesis and Reproductive Hormones

Flashcards10 cards

What is adaptive immunity, and how is it different from innate immunity?1 / 10

Adaptive immunity is a slower, highly specific defense that targets a particular pathogen. Unlike innate immunity, it improves with repeated exposure and creates lasting memory of the invader.

Biology

Biology · L3 · Adaptive Immunity

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Biology · L3 · Adaptive Immunity

Flowchart9 objects

Biology

Biology · L3 · Skeletal Muscle Contraction

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Biology · L3 · Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Note~619 words · 3 min

DNA Repair Mechanisms DNA is under constant chemical and physical assault — spontaneous hydrolysis, oxidative damage from metabolism, UV radiation, replication errors — and cells maintain a suite of dedicated repair pathways, each specializ

Biology

DNA Repair Mechanisms

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DNA Repair Mechanisms

Note~185 words · 1 min

Wright–Fisher Binomial Sampling In a diploid population of effective size Ne, next-generation allele count X ~ Binomial(2Ne, p). The per-generation variance in allele frequency is: Drift is the dominant evolutionary force when the product N

Biology

Biology · L5 · Allele-Frequency Dynamics: Drift, Selection & Coalescence

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Biology · L5 · Allele-Frequency Dynamics: Drift, Selection & Coalescence

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