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Physics · L5 · Formation of the p–n Junction Depletion Region

How joining p-type and n-type semiconductors creates a self-limiting depletion region and built-in field that rectifies current under bias.

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🔬 p-type and n-type crystals brought into contactDiffusion: electrons flow n → p, holes flow p → nCarriers recombine near the junction, exposing fixed dopant ionsDepletion region forms: no mobile carriers, net space charge⚡ Built-in field opposes further diffusionEquilibrium: drift and diffusion currents balance (built-in potential V_bi)Forward bias (p: +, n: −): barrier lowers, depletion narrows, current flows🚫 Reverse bias (p: −, n: +): barrier raises, depletion widens, current blocked

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