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Chemistry · L4 · Born–Haber cycle for NaCl

The five-step Born–Haber cycle for sodium chloride — sublimation, ionization, bond dissociation, and electron affinity closing the loop with lattice energy to match the measured enthalpy of formation.

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Na(s) + 1/2 Cl₂(g)(elements, standard states)Na(g)ΔH_sub = +107 kJ/molNa⁺(g) + e⁻IE₁ = +496 kJ/molCl(g)½ D(Cl–Cl) = +122 kJ/molCl⁻(g)EA = −349 kJ/molNa⁺(g) + Cl⁻(g)(gaseous ions)NaCl(s)ΔHf° = −411 kJ/mol (overall, direct — measured by calorimetry)sublimation1st ionization energybond dissociation (½ mol Cl₂)electron affinitylattice energy ΔH_lattice = −787 kJ/mol (cannot be measured directly)

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