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Chemistry · L5 · Double-Humped Hydration Enthalpy Trend Across First-Row M²⁺ Ions

How CFSE — zero at d⁰/d⁵/d¹⁰, maximal at d³ and d⁸ — sits on top of the smooth ionic-only baseline to produce the observed double-humped hydration-enthalpy (and lattice-energy) curve across Ca²⁺ through Zn²⁺.

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Smooth ionic-only baseline(expected without CFSE)rises steadily Ca2+ to Zn2+Ca2+ (d0)CFSE = 0on baselineV2+ (d3)CFSE = -1.2 Delta_oFIRST PEAKMn2+ (d5, high spin)CFSE = 0back on baseline (local minimum)Ni2+ (d8)CFSE = -1.2 Delta_oSECOND PEAKZn2+ (d10)CFSE = 0back on baseline

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